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完美竞争及其存在的三大条件

The theoretical ideal developed by economists to establish the conditions under which competition would achieve maximum effectiveness is known as “perfect” competition. Although rarely possible, perfect competition, as a concept, provides a useful benchmark for evaluating performance in actual markets. Perfect competition exists when (1) an industry has a large number of business firms as well as buyers; (2) the firms on the average are small; and (3) buyers and sellers have complete knowledge of all transactions within the market. The practical significance of a large number of small firms and many buyers is that the power to influence the behavior of the participants in the market is thoroughly dispersed. In other words, no single person or business has the power to dictate the terms on which the exchange of goods and services takes place. Market results then are truly impersonal. Under conditions of perfect competition, economists contend, goods and services would be produced as efficiently as possible—that is, at the lowest possible price and cost—and consumers would get the maximum amount of the goods and services they desire.

可用竞争

The absence of perfect competition in most markets led to a search for a more realistic alternative to evaluate performance in specific instances. Among the best-known alternatives is the concept of “workable” competition. In most industries the number of business firms is not so great as to preclude an individual firm from having some power to influence market prices and conditions. In addition, participants rarely have complete knowledge of market conditions. However, departures from the ideal of perfect competition often are not great enough to warrant government intervention into the market (through antitrust action or direct regulation) in order to improve the situation. Competition may be workable in the sense that the results achieved are roughly comparable to what is supposed to happen under the theoretical ideal of perfect competition. The chief drawback to the workable-competition concept is its vagueness; no precise criteria have been developed to determine when workable competition actually exists.

资本主义经济中的竞争

In a purely capitalist system, on the one hand, competition is seldom free because for any resource, product, or service, a few large corporations or unions tend to monopolize the market and charge more than open competition would allow. Discrimination based on economically irrelevant social attitudes (for example, against minorities and women, in favor of friends and relatives) further distorts the ideal of free competition. And even if the system is efficient, it tends to make some individuals very rich and some very poor. Thus, the United States, for example, tries to limit the extreme effects of its basically capitalist economic system by means of selective government

intervention in the free-market system. This intervention includes tax rates that increase with wealth; unemployment insurance; health insurance; welfare support for the poor; laws that limit the economic power of any one corporation; regulations of trade among the states; government restrictions on unfair advertising, unsafe products, and discriminatory employment; and government subsidization of agriculture and industry.

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