官方真题Official3托福阅读Passage3原文文本+真题+答案解析

官方真题Official3托福阅读Passage3题目

Question 1 of 14

The word “particular ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. natural.

B. final.

C. specific.

D. complex.

Question 2 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession..

B. They last longer than any other type of community..

C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change..

D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time..

Question 3 of 14

According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?

A. Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system..

B. The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced..

C. Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next..

D. A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s properties..

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?

A. Pioneer communities.

B. Climax communities.

C. Single-crop farmlands.

D. Successional plant communities.

Question 5 of 14

According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?

A. The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear..

B. Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.”.

C. The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists..

D. There are many different answers to ecological questions..

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?

A. They are more resilient than pioneer communities..

B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities..

C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances..

D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time..

Question 7 of 14

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

A. They become less stable as they mature..

B. They support many species when they reach climax..

C. They are found in temperate zones..

D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages..

Question 8 of 14

The word “guarantee ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. increase.

B. ensure.

C. favor.

D. complicate.

Question 9 of 14

In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle ”?

A. To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example.

B. To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations.

C. To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity.

D. To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems.

Question 10 of 14

The word “pales ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. increases proportionally.

B. differs.

C. loses significance.

D. is common.

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness..

B. Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity..

C. Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments..

D. A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms..

Question 12 of 14

The word “adjacent ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. foreign.

B. stable.

C. fluid.

D. neighboring.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes..

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time. .

A.The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation..

B.A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem..

C.Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems..

D.Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems..

E.The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability..

F.The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans..

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