【备考必备】托福官方真题Official17阅读长难句资料汇总

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托福官方真题Official17阅读长难句官方真题Official17：Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia

1. In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland　trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and　highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century.

2. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler　from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans　and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the ideairresistible.

3. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of　the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held atriangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of　positions to maneuver the ship.

4. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western　Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea　goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the　authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors,and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.

托福官方真题Official17阅读长难句官方真题Official17: Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

1. In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and　green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would　not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish　background.

2. This species, which lives in the rain forests and scrublands of the east coast of Australia,　has a brown-to-black plumage with bare, bright-red skin on the head and neck and a neck　collar of orange-yellow loosely hanging skin.

3. During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by　inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendulous part of the colored　signaling apparatus as it utters calls designed to attract or repel.

官方真题Official17: Symbiotic Relationship

1. The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship　Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering　plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association.

2. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores　　damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation forlight and growing space.

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