【备考必备】托福官方真题Official14阅读长难句资料汇总

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托福官方真题Official14阅读长难句官方真题Official14: Children and Advertising

1. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the　United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrong　impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use　of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance,or construction of a toy.

2. However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding　disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced　breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast.

3. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between　the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy　advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in　both audio and visual formats.4. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in　advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the　children did not like the celebrity in question.

官方真题Official14: Maya Water Problems

1. To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern　Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must firstconsider their environment, which we think of as "jungle" or "tropical rainforest."

2. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made　things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancientdroughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north.

3. Making matters worse, most of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous　sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or　no surface water remains available.

4. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural　depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the　depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered　catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

官方真题Official14: Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia

1. Archaeological evidence suggests that by 3000 B.C., and perhaps even earlier, there　had emerged on the steppes of Inner Eurasia the distinctive types of pastoralism that　were to dominate the region's history for several millennia.

2. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many　linguists have argued that the Indo-European languages began their astonishing　expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia.

3. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic　(10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foraging communities of the cultures in　the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to　exploit the neighboring steppes.

4. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most　pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too　　slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of　the term class.

5. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and　also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often,

their military skills

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