【备考必备】托福官方真题Official13阅读长难句资料汇总

在这里小编为大家带来托福官方真题Official13阅读长难句，希望对大家提高托福阅读水平有所帮助!

托福官方真题Official13阅读长难句官方真题Official13: Types of Social Groups

1. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society　because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the　sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

2. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the　community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into　line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

官方真题Official13: Biological Clocks

1. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily　rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has　been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

2. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding,　moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for　　example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is　　whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is　　instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed　biological rhythms.

3. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when　　the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such astemperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

4. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal　　schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such　as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily　　rhythm of the new environment.

5. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular　　features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems　　to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.

官方真题Official13: Methods of Studying Infant Perception

1. Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head,　blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual　indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.

2. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant　　perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on　one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

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