【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（三）

托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。

例一：Panel painting, common in thirteenth-and fourteenth-century Europe, involved a　painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to　prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth with special tools. On this　perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and　then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in　which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these　meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.

The word "it" in line 4 refers to

(A) chalk

(B) composition

(C) artist

(D) surface

例二：Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary　their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and　vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and　meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods.　Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries,　grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the　year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy　means of producing ice commercially had been invented I the 1870's, and by 1900 the　nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home　deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the　mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.

The word "them" in line 14 refers to

(A) refrigerator cars

(B) perishables

(C) growers

(D) distances