【备考必备】托福官方真题Official10阅读长难句资料汇总

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托福官方真题Official10阅读长难句官方真题Official10: Chinese Pottery

1. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth　centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279),　long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry.

2. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less　　clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom　of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.

3. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty,　　three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color　temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as　　the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher　intrinsic value.

4. Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,　whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their　meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.

5. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate　　indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss;　the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves　indicated success in the civil service examinations.

官方真题Official10: Variations in The Climate

1. One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal　evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what　constitutes the natural variability of the climate.

2. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to　interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to　being the result of human activities.

3. Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change　　with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a　continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or　　thousands of years.

4. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the　central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western　Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from　Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica.

5. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations　can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, whichsuggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ　significantly from each other.

6. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a　considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the　early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in　recent decades.

托福官方真题Official10阅读长难句官方真题Official10: Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

1. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne　　can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no　longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys.

2. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency　after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.

3. Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial　undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on　the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company.

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