【托福基础】提升托福能力 语法是备考基础

引用网友的一句话：考试技巧真的不是重点,全面提高自身的英语素质才是关键。以不变的自身战胜万变的考试。以前见到不少人在语法上下了不少功夫，我个人认为，语法是基础，但是托福的语法是考得最基本的语法，不象国内某些考试那么去人为制造难题，我这几天看了本国外语法书是为北美高中生应付毕业考试用的，所以摘其主要，希望对大家复习语法有益。

从中我们可以看到北美自己的考试对语法都不作过多过深要求，更何况托福呢?

form "high school comprehensive English review", 1998, Gabrielle Maisels

www.randomhouse.com

The parts of speech

Noun

pron.

adj.

verb

adv.

prep.

conj.

interjection(Hey! Wow.)

The sentence subject, predicte, phrase clause(dependent clause, independent)

Putting it all together

1. S-V agreement

Tip #1 cross off distracting phrase

One of the athletes are giving an interview. 

Tip #2 these words are considered singular subjects someone everybody anyone nobody

everyone one no one each

somebody either anybody neither

Neither of the star players want more money. 

Tip #3 two subjects with or, either...or..., neither...nor...is singular

Either the center or the forward have modeling contracts. 

Tip #4 collective nouns are singular

the number the group the amount the team

the audience the company the family The government

the United State(or any country) The forward's family come to all the games.

2. Pron. agreement

A pron. must refer clearly to a specific noun(the antecedent)

Tip #1 cf. s-v agreement tip#2 these words pron. are singular

Someone didn't eat their Doritos. 

Tip #2 make sure that it is obvious which noun your pron. refers to.

A had told B where the party was, but he didn't know whether it started at eight or nine. 

3. Pron. case

subjective, objective, and possessive.Tip #1 subject pron. follow the verb "to be"

This is she.It was I.Tip #2 objective pron. follow prep.go with him, the book by her,a picture of him.I'm after them.It's between me and her.Tip #3 cross out words that get in the way.

Roberto brought the books to Jin-hee and I.Tip #4 when you are comparing two people in some way, use the subject pron.Ira is better dressed than him.Tip #5 use the possessive pron. with gerunds.Simon was upset about me leaving.Tip #6 use who if you would use he; use whom if you would use him.The actor, about whom there had been endless gossip, finally gave an interview.Who is coming tonight?

Parallelism

Ideas or action in a series should be parallel in form.

The enclosed resume indicates that I am interested in writing, editing, and I like to read.

either...or..., both/and, not only/but also, make the two parts match.

Allison works both as a massage therapist and she is an illustrator. 

Comparison

1.when comparing actions, be sure to include both verbs.

Andra likes ice cream more than Randy.

2. when comparing nouns, be sure both nouns are there and that they are comparable.

A biography of Thoreau would be more interesting than Hawthore.

Modifiers

put modifying phrase next to their subjects.

Riding my bicycle, my pants got caught in the chain.

Tense

Say what you mean

accept/except

I accept your challenge.

Everyone was able to go except me.

affect/effect

The movie affected me greatly.

The effect of all that beautiful music was inspiring.

allusion/illusion

The paper was filled with literary allusions.

I have no illusion that Professor Harper will pass me this term.

alternate/alternative

Marie alternated shifts with Paulo; every other week, she took evenings and he took days.

There are only a few alternatives to meat that are as high in protein.

ambiguous/ambivalent

between/among

bring/take

Bring the book to me.

Take the book away.

can/may

censor/censure

The panel censored the movies by removing all objectionable material before it was released.

The student board decided to censure the student for cheating on an exam.

common/mutual

We have a common purpose.(meaning shared purpose )

We have a mutual attraction. (meaning a reciprocal attraction)

compliment/complement

Dean Smith compliment my ability to get to class on time.

Mashed potatoes are the perfect complement to roast beef.

continual/continuous

The students formed a continuous line that surrounded the building to protest its demolition.

The program was interrupted every few minutes by a continual banging in the pipes.

emigrate/immigrate

People emigrated from Ireland to the United States.

They immigrated to our country to escape great famine in their own.

eminent/immanent/imminent

farther/further

Florida is farther from here than Maryland is.

I hope to further my discussion of Kierkegaard in the next paper I write.

fewer/less

former/latter

I have two classes on Tuesday: biology and aerobics. The former is in the science building, but the latter is in the field house.

fortuitous/fortunate

It was fortuitous to find that book on the shelf-it was exactly what I need.

I was fortunate to get into the intro art history class - it's almost always full.

health/ healthful

I hope to eat a healthful diet while away at school.

Marina always works better when she is healthy.

implicit/explicit

incredible/incredulous

It was an incredible sight: an ape rescuing a small child.

The crowd was incredulous: They were sure the ape would harm the child.

infer/imply

Gene inferred that Martha was a pretty tactless person.

Martha implied that Gene had gained weight when she asked him if those pants were tight.

libel/slander

lie/lay

I need to lie down after that crazy day.

I lay the book down in the hallway.

lie-lay,lain, lying

lie-lied, lying

lay-laid, laid, laying

most/more

Of the ten books we read for our literature class, I enjoyed Jane Eyre the most.

Of the two books I read this week, I enjoyed Jane Eyre more.

respectfully/respectively

Ginger had been taught to how respectfully when her elders entered the room.

I hope to meet with Jim and John, respectively, to iron out his problem.

their/they're/there

your/you're