托福讨论写作怎么写范文

托福讨论写作（Integrated Writing）范文与写作框架解析

一、题目示例

题目：
阅读文章提到“恐龙灭绝由小行星撞击地球导致”，听力材料反驳了这一观点，并提出火山喷发是主要原因。请结合两者观点，完成写作任务。

二、写作框架与范文

结构：

1. 引言：简述主题，表明立场（无需明确支持某方，但需体现对比）。
2. 主体段落1：总结阅读观点 + 听力反驳理由1。
3. 主体段落2：总结阅读观点 + 听力反驳理由2。
4. 结论：总结听力如何反驳阅读，强调两者差异。

范文：

Introduction
The reading passage argues that an asteroid impact was the primary cause of the extinction of dinosaurs, while the listening material challenges this theory by presenting evidence for volcanic eruptions as a more plausible explanation.

Body Paragraph 1
The reading suggests that a massive asteroid struck the Earth, causing widespread devastation. It points out the discovery of a global layer of iridium—a metal rare on Earth but common in asteroids—as key evidence. However, the listening material counters this by arguing that volcanic activity could also release large amounts of iridium into the atmosphere. For example, the speaker mentions the Deccan Traps in India, where massive volcanic eruptions occurred around the same time as the dinosaur extinction, potentially accounting for the iridium layer without requiring an asteroid impact.

Body Paragraph 2
Additionally, the reading claims that the asteroid impact would have triggered immediate climate changes, such as a "nuclear winter" effect, blocking sunlight and cooling the planet. In contrast, the listening material proposes that volcanic eruptions would have released sulfur dioxide and ash into the atmosphere, leading to gradual climate cooling over decades or centuries. This slower process, the speaker argues, better aligns with fossil records showing a decline in dinosaur populations before their sudden disappearance.

Conclusion
In summary, while the reading attributes the dinosaur extinction to a catastrophic asteroid impact, the listening material provides compelling evidence that volcanic eruptions could have been the dominant cause. By highlighting the potential for volcanic sources of iridium and a more gradual climate change, the listening effectively undermines the reading's argument.

三、写作技巧与注意事项

1. 时间管理：
   • 阅读时间：3分钟（快速抓取3个核心论点）。
   • 听力时间：2分钟（记录反驳理由，建议用缩写符号）。
   • 写作时间：20分钟（150-225词，优先写关键对比点）。
2. 听力反驳逻辑：
   • 听力通常逐点反驳阅读，写作时需按顺序对应。
   • 反驳方式：提供替代解释、质疑证据可靠性、强调矛盾点。
3. 语言表达：
   • 使用连接词（However, In contrast, While）明确对比关系。
   • 避免直接引用原文，改写为同义表达（如“the reading suggests” → “the passage argues”）。
4. 常见错误：
   • 漏写听力反驳点（需完整覆盖3个理由）。
   • 混淆阅读与听力观点（建议用不同颜色笔记区分）。
   • 语法错误（如时态一致性问题，全文统一用一般现在时或一般过去时）。

四、评分标准对应

• 内容完整性：是否覆盖所有听力反驳点。
• 语言准确性：语法、词汇使用是否恰当。
• 组织结构：段落划分是否清晰，逻辑是否连贯。

通过以上框架与范文，考生可系统化练习托福讨论写作，重点训练“听力反驳点定位”与“逻辑对比表达”能力。建议多练习TPO真题，熟悉不同学科话题（如天文、地质、生物）的论证方式。