SAT写作：经典人物素材之曼德拉

曼德拉是二十世纪九十年代非洲乃至世界政坛上一颗最耀眼的和平主义者，他领导的非国大在结束南非种族主义的斗争中发挥了极其重要的作用，他最终当选为南非历史上第一位黑人总统，享有崇高的声誉，被誉为“全球总统”。

Political activity

After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation, Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led prominently in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People, whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental basis of the anti-apartheid cause. During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo, providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who lacked attorney representation.

Mahatma Gandhi influenced Mandela's approach, and subsequently the methods of succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists. (Mandela later took part in the 29–30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi marking the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha (non-violent resistance) in South Africa).

政治活动

1948年，在支持种族隔离的种族隔离政策的南非白人主导的国家党赢得选举胜利后，曼德拉开始积极参与政治。他在ANC 1952年的反抗运动和1955年的人民代表大会中发挥了重要作用，他们通过《自由宪章》为反种族隔离事业提供了根本的基础。在此期间，曼德拉和其他律师奥利弗·坦博(Oliver Tambo)经营着曼德拉和坦博(Tambo)的律师事务所，为许多缺乏律师代表的黑人提供免费或低成本的法律顾问。

圣雄甘地影响了曼德拉的做法，并随后影响了南非反种族隔离积极分子的后代。(曼德拉后来参加了2007年1月29日至30日在新德里举行的纪念甘地在南非引入非暴力抵抗运动100周年的会议)。

Armed anti-apartheid activities

In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (translated Spear of the Nation, and also abbreviated MK), which he co-founded. He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets, making plans for a possible guerrilla war if the sabotage failed to end apartheid. Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad and arranged for paramilitary training of the group.

Fellow ANC member Wolfie Kodesh explains the bombing campaign led by Mandela: "When we knew that we [sic] going to start on 16 December 1961, to blast the symbolic places of apartheid, like pass offices, native magistrates courts, and things like that ... post offices and ... the government offices. But we were to do it in such a way that nobody would be hurt, nobody would get killed." Mandela said of Wolfie: "His knowledge of warfare and his first hand battle experience were extremely helpful to me."

Later, mostly in the 1980s, MK, the organisation co-founded by Mandela, waged a guerrilla war against the apartheid government in which many civilians became casualties.. For example, the Church Street bomb in Pretoria killed 19 people and injured 217. After he had become President, Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, criticising those in his own party who attempted to remove statements mentioning this from the reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Until July 2008 Mandela and ANC party members were barred from entering the United States—except to visit the United Nations headquarters in Manhattan—without a special waiver from the US Secretary of State, because of their South African apartheid government era designation as terrorists.

武装反种族隔离的活动

1961年，曼德拉成为非洲人国民大会的武装部队的领导人，他是我们的“国家之矛”，也是他与他人共同创立的“MK”的缩写。他协调破坏军事和政府目标的活动，制定了可能的游击战的计划，如果破坏未能结束种族隔离。曼德拉还为MK海外公司募集资金，并安排了该集团的准军事训练。

非国大成员Wolfie Kodesh解释了由曼德拉领导的轰炸行动:“当我们知道我们将在1961年12月16日开始，轰炸种族隔离的标志性场所，比如通过办公室、地方治安法庭等等……”邮局和…政府办公室。但我们要这样做，没有人会受伤，没有人会被杀。”曼德拉对沃尔夫说:“他对战争的了解和亲身经历对我非常有帮助。”

后来，大部分在20世纪80年代，由曼德拉共同创立的MK，发动了一场反对种族隔离政府的游击战，许多平民因此而伤亡。例如，在比勒陀利亚的教堂街爆炸案造成19人死亡，217人受伤。曼德拉成为总统后，他后来承认，非洲人国民大会在反对种族隔离的斗争中，也侵犯了人权，批评了他所在政党的人，他们试图从真相与和解委员会的报告中删除这一说法。

直到2008年7月，曼德拉和非国大的成员被禁止进入美国——除了访问联合国总部——没有美国国务卿的特别豁免，因为他们的南非种族隔离政府被称为恐怖分子。

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