【小站出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-“实践行动”交通

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You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

For more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.

A

Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities. There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures to improve their livelihoods.

B

On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only 30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.

C

One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.

D

Road Building

Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care, education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.

E

Driving forward new ideas

Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can cam a decent income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action's know-how. Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels. The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people's social isolation Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town, and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they'll find a path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research arc carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement.

F

Sky-scraping transport system

For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action have developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can cither operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an option.

G

Bringing people on board

Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached via a hitch behind the scat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or even passengers. People can now carry three tunes as much as before and still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used for transporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobile shops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small village workshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilled to make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out to the trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers. The two-wheeled 'ambulance' is made from moulded metal, with standard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be padded with cushions to make the patient comfortable, while the "seat" section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit. A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so that other community members do not need to go without the bicycles they depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows for easy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, a cover has been designed that can be added to give protection to the patient and attendant in poor weather Made of treated cotton, the cover is durable and waterproof.

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage1?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1. A slow developing economy often cannot afford some road networks especially for those used regardless weather conditions.

2. Rural communities' officials know how to improve alternative transport technically.

3. The primary aim for Practical Action to improve rural transport infrastructures is meant to increase the trade among villages.

4. Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement provided service that Practical Action highly involved in.

Questions 5-8

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

1. WHAT is the first duty for many rural communities to reach unrestricted development?

2. WHAT was one of the new ideas to help poor people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale?

3. WHAT service has put an end to rural people's social isolation in Sri Lanka?

4. WHAT solution had been applied for people who live in remote, mountainous areas getting food to market?

Questions 9-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Besides normal transport task, changes are also implemented to the trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers when it was used on medical emergency or a moveable 9 ; 'Ambulance' is made from metal, with rubber wheels and drive by another bicycle. When put with 10 in the two-wheeled 'ambulance', the patient can stay comfortable and which another 11 can sit on caring for patient in transport journey. In order to dismantle or attach other equipment, an assembling 12 is designed. Later, as user's suggest, 13 has also been added to give a protection to the patient.

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