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文化创造的概念

Cultural Creatives is a term coined by sociologist Paul H. Ray and psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson to describe a large segment in Western society that has recently developed beyond the standard paradigm of Modernists versus Traditionalists or Conservatists. The concept was presented in 2000 in their book The Cultural Creatives. How 50 Million People Are Changing the World, where they claim to have found that 50 million adult Americans (slightly over one quarter of the adult population) can now be identified as belonging to this group which has not yet found its identity but is disenchanted with materialism and hedonism. Dr. Ray calls this segment New Progressives.

This growing section of the population is admittedly spiritual and embraces the practice of spiritual values in daily life without formal religion. Many adherents to the tenets of the Cultural Creatives tend to become familiar with a variety of religions and seek to identify with principles that are universal amongst religions. The intention is to search for universal, practical spiritual principles that have intrinsic value, and do not depend on ecclesiastical authority.

文化极化

Although cultural policies often have the stated aim of reviving national unity, one result has been an increased polarization. With the disappearance of former taboos, open criticism of the culture and values of specific minorities became common. Muslims in Britain or the Netherlands may occasionally hear that their culture is backward, that western culture is superior, and that they are obliged to adopt it. In turn, overly-defensive reactions include an increased self-identification as “Muslims”, and adoption of Islamic dress by women and “Islamic” beards by men. Part of the Muslim minority is now hostile to the society they live in, and sympathetic to terrorism. In Amsterdam’s secondary schools, about half the Moroccan minority does not identify with the Netherlands: they see their identity as “Muslim”, and regularly express anti-western views but, nevertheless, do not want to return to their historical homeland. In turn society is increasingly hostile to Muslims: a survey showed that 18% in Britain think that “a large proportion of British Muslims feel no sense of loyalty to this country and are prepared to condone or even carry out acts of terrorism”. A TNS/Global poll showed that 79% in Britain would feel “uncomfortable living next to a Muslim”.

文化是后天习得的

Culture is not inherited, but must be learned and shared. A culture can also change and adapt to the needs of a society. Culture can help humans survive in this ever-changing globe. Many members of a culture develop a feeling of superiority over other cultures and can become ethnocentric.

Some societies, like the United States, are multicultural and consist of many diverse cultures. People can also develop self-identity within a culture and may have culture shock if they are exposed to a new and confusing culture different from their own.