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二维权力

Two-dimensional: One-dimensional plus:

1. Decision making & agenda-setting

2. Institutions & informal influences

3. Measure extent of informal influence

三维权力的六要素

Three-dimensional: including aspects of One-dimensional & Two-dimensional, plus:

1. Shapes preferences via values, norms, ideologies

2. All social interaction involves power because ideas operate behind all language and action

3. Not obviously measurable: we must infer its existence (focus on language)

4. Ideas or values that ground all social and political activity, e.g. religious ideals (Christianity, secularism), Self-interest for economic gain

5. These become routine—we don’t consciously “think” of them

6. Political ideologies inform policy making without being explicit, e.g. neoliberalism

政治权力及杰出人物统治论

Political power can simply be defined as the power to influence. The power to influence is essentially the power to control. When pertaining to political matters, the most influential people in any form of government have the most power. The underlying argument is who has the most influence. Is it the elite or is it the majority?

There are four theories of who truly governs. The first theory is clearly elitism. Karl Marx has said that all governments in any shape or form are controlled by whichever class dominates the economy. In all societies there is an economic struggle between two major classes. Although the working class is the majority, they have the least political power. This is solely because they have less money than the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie on the other hand dominate the working class economically simply because they own the factories where the working class works. The theory also represents the government as a machine designed to favor to the dominant classes’ interest. This is why a Marxist would believe that it is pointless to study a government because it has none of its own power. It runs on whoever feeds it, and in this case it is the bourgeoisie.

统治理论： 广义杰出人物统治论

Another theory of who truly governs is similar to elitism. It states that the non-governmental elites have the most political power. This time the term “elites” go beyond the bourgeoisie. These elites are composed of corporate leaders, high ranking military officers, and a small group of political leaders. Other groups can be added, such as the leaders of the media, labor leaders and the heads of special interest groups. Many more groups can be added but the basic underlying idea of this theory is that a very small group of high status officials not involved in government contains the majority of political power.