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毁坏性创新和可持续性创新

How low-end disruption occurs over time? More recently the concepts of disruptive vs. sustaining innovation have been popularized, where innovation is often characterized by its impact on existing markets or businesses. Sustaining innovations allows organizations to continue to approach markets the same way, such as the development of a faster or more fuel efficient car. Disruptive innovations on the other hand, significantly change a market or product category, such as the invention of a cheap, safe personal flying machine that could replace cars.

Prof. Clayton M. Christensen of the Harvard Business School maintained a data base of innovative changes in the production and sale of hard-disks from 1975 to 1995. There were 116 new technologies introduced, 111 of which were sustaining in nature, and every established firm in the industry was able to copy or replicate those innovations with 100% success. (Sustaining innovations also tend to be evolutionary.) In contrast there were 5 disruptive innovations. None of the disruptive products involved any new technology, yet for the established firms in the industry the adoption rate in the disruptive technologies was zero.

积累性创新

Innovation studies have traditionally conceived of two types of innovation to nurture revenues by effectively growing market share: Incremental Innovation and Radical Innovation.

Incremental innovations is a step forward along a technology trajectory, or from the known to the unknown, with little uncertainty about outcomes and success and is generally minor improvements made by those working day to day with existing methods and technology (both process and product), responding to short term goals. Most innovations are incremental innovations. A value-added business process, involves making minor changes over time to sustain the growth of a company without making sweeping changes to product lines, services, or markets in which competition currently exists.

经济创新的五大内涵

Joseph Schumpeter defined economic innovation in 1934:

1. The introduction of a new good—that is one with which consumers are not yet familiar—or of a new quality of a good.

2. The introduction of a new method of production, which need by no means to be founded upon a scientifically new discovery, and can also exist in a new way of handling a commodity commercially.

3. The opening of a new market, which is a market into which the particular branch of manufacture of the country in question has not previously entered, whether or not this market has existed before.

4. The conquest of a new source of supply of raw materials or half-manufactured goods, again irrespective of whether this source already exists or whether it has first to be created.

5. The carrying out of the new organization of any industry, like the creation of a monopoly position (for example through trustification) or the breaking up of a monopoly position.

科技创新

Technological product and process (TPP) innovations comprise implemented technol-ogically new products and processes and significant technological improvements in products and processes. A TPP innovation has been implemented if it has been introduced on the market (product innovation) or used within a production process (process innovation). TPP innovations involve a series of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities. The TPP innovating firm is one that has implemented technologically new or significantly technologically improved products or processes during the period under review.