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人类使用技术的历史

People’s use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

社会对技术的影响

Society also controls technology through the choices it makes. These choices not only include consumer demands; they also include:

1. The channels of distribution, how do products go from raw materials to consumption to disposal

2. The cultural beliefs regarding style, freedom of choice, consumerism, materialism, etc.

3. The economic values we place on the environment, individual wealth, government control, capitalism, etc.

科技进步促进了休闲娱乐

Three channels of effect on leisure time of modern technology will be stressed here.

First, technological progress increases wages. On the one hand, an increase in real wages should motivate more work effort since the price of consumption goods in terms of forgone leisure has fallen. On the other hand, for a given level of work effort a rise in wages implies that individuals are wealthier. People may desire to use some of this increase in living standards to enjoy more leisure.

Second, the value of not working has also risen due to the advent of many new leisure goods. Leisure goods by their very nature are consuming time. Think about the impact of the following products: radio, monopoly, television, computer er, etc.

科学不良行为对科学的影响

The consequences of scientific fraud vary based on the severity of the fraud, the level of notice it receives, and how long it goes undetected. For cases of fabricated evidence, the consequences can be wide ranging, with others working to confirm (or refute) the false finding, or with research agendas being distorted to address the fraudulent evidence. The Piltdown Man fraud is a case in point: The significance of the bona-fide fossils being found was muted for decades because they disagreed with Piltdown Man and the pre-conceived notions that those faked fossils supported. In addition, the prominent paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward spent time at Piltdown each year until he died trying to find more Piltdown Man remains. The misdirection of resources kept others from taking the real fossils more seriously and delayed the reaching of a correct understanding of human evolution.