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影响自我意象的3大因素

Four sources affecting self-efficacy:

1. Experience

“Mastery experience” is the most important factor deciding a person‟s self-efficacy. Simply put, success raises self-efficacy, and failure lowers it.

“Children cannot be fooled by empty praise and condescending encouragement. They may have

to accept artificial bolstering of their self-esteem in lieu of something better, but what I call their accruing ego identity gains real strength only from wholehearted and consistent recognition of real accomplishment, that is, achievement that has meaning in their culture.”

2. Modeling—“Vicarious Experience”

“If they can do it, I can do it as well.” This is a process of comparison between a person and someone else. When people see someone succeeding in something, their self-efficacy will increase; and when they see people failing, their self-efficacy will decrease. This process is more effectual When the person sees themselves as similar to his or her model. If a peer who is perceived as having similar ability succeeds, this will likely increase an observer‟s self-efficacy. Although not as influential as past experience, modeling is a powerful influence when a person is particularly unsure of him- or herself.

3. Social Persuasions

Social persuasions relate to encouragements/discouragements. These can have a strong influence—most people remember times where something said to them significantly altered their confidence. When positive persuasions increase self-efficacy, negative persuasions decrease it. It is generally easier to decrease someone‟s self-efficacy than it is to increase it.

自我意象与动机和世界观

Motivation:

People with high self-efficacy in a task are more likely to spend more effort, and persist longer than those with low efficacy. On the other hand, low self-efficacy provides an incentive to learn more about the subject. As a result, someone with a high efficacy may not prepare sufficiently for a task.

自我意象与行为

People will be more inclined to take on a task if they believe they can succeed. People generally avoid tasks where their self-efficacy is low, but will engage in tasks where their self-efficacy is high. People with a self-efficacy significantly beyond their actual ability likely to overestimate their ability to complete tasks, which can lead to irreversible damage. On the other hand, people with a self-efficacy significantly lower than their ability are unlikely to grow and expand their skills. Research shows that the “optimum” level of self-efficacy is a little above ability, which encourages people to tackle challenging tasks and gain valuable experience.

团体行为不是个人行为的加和

The behavior of groups cannot be understood solely as the aggregate behavior of individuals. It is not possible, for example, to understand modern warfare by summing up the aggressive tendencies of individuals. A person may behave very differently in a crowd—say, when at a football game, at a religious service, or on a picket line—than when alone or with family members. Several children together may vandalize a building, even though none of them would do it on his or her own. By the same token, an adult will often be more generous and responsive to the needs of others as a member of, say, a club or religious group than he or she would be inclined to be in private. The group situation provides the rewards of companionship and acceptance for going along with the shared action of the group and makes it difficult to assign blame or credit to any one person.